Tag: history (Page 1 of 15)

Mokshadharma Parva is the eighty eighth Upa parva included in the twelfth Maha parva named as Shanthi parva. Vaishampayana continued narration to Janamejaya in reply to his queries as follows.

What was Manki Muni Gita, told by Bhishma to Yudhishtira?

Manki Muni Gita is a side story told by Bhishma to Yudhishthira. There are three main characters in this story. The moral lessons are: the desire to acquire more money, the need to be deserving of that wealth, and the importance of having God’s blessings for it.

King Janaka, while tilling the land with a plough and yoke using two grown-up male calves, found a box containing the child Sita. The news spread quickly, and people began speaking of Janaka as a very fortunate king.

Manki Muni was a greedy man. He wanted to be rich and earn more money. He thought that if he also tilled the land with a plough and yoke, he too could become rich one day. He managed to get two grown-up male calves. Wanting to learn how to till, he put the yoke on the shoulders of the two bulls, tied the plough, and began walking over a very large, level field. The bulls were small but moved very quickly, and Manki Muni could not keep up with their speed.

At some distance, a big camel was resting, lying on the field. The two uncontrolled bulls tried to pass on either side of the camel while still joined by the yoke. When the yoke touched the camel’s shoulders, it was disturbed, stood up, and started to walk quickly. The two bulls were hanging on either side of the camel and, because their necks were tied to the yoke, both died after a few minutes from suffocation.

King Janaka was very happy in his palace, but Manki Muni was very sad in his field. He was inexperienced in his new trade and felt unlucky. Previously, he had forgotten God, but when he failed, he immediately remembered God. Bhishma told Yudhishthira that the third character in the story was God, and that Manki Muni learned the moral lessons.

Manki Muni abandoned his greedy desire for more money and performed penance. He became a devotee of God and led a simple life. Later he attained peace and became a rich man. He remained a Muni, not a Rishi.

In the Moksha Dharma Upaparva of the Shanti Parva of the Mahabharata, a few Sanskrit verses describing this side story are known as the Manki Muni Gita.

What were the ‘Acharas’ leading to Moksha as mentioned by Bhishma?

Apaddharma Parva is the eighty seventh Upa parva included in the twelfth Maha parva named as Shanti parva. Vaishampayana continued narration to Janamejaya in reply to his queries as follows.

What did Bheeshma explain to Yudhishtira about difficulties?

Bheeshma spoke about items like peace treaty, escaping for self-defense and fighting in the war, with Yudhishtira. The treasury may get empty, the servants may cheat, and the ministers could help the enemies, Bheeshma told, are the various challenges. 

Between moral strength and physical strength, how did Bheeshma explain?

Bheeshma said that physical strength predominates over moral strength in worldly situations and that life must be carefully protected through self‑defense in times of danger. If life is preserved, then in the future, a person who is currently weak can later gain physical strength. Dharma follows the one who survives and continues to act.

Therefore, self‑defense should be the first consideration for any living being in this world. Strength is always honoured, and the weak are often neglected. Even if the prince is a child, if the ministers who rule on his behalf are strong, the kingdom can be said to be in a comfortable position.

How did Bheeshm appreciate the benefits of strength?

वश्यो बलवतां धर्मः सुखं भोगवतामिव ।
नास्त्यसाध्यं बलवतां सर्वं बलवतां शुचि ॥

If a person possesses strength, society respects him as one who upholds dharma. For the strong, almost nothing is impossible, and all actions appear justified. A man in danger can survive and regain strength through continuous effort. In the presence of the powerful, everything appears orderly, pure, and well‑maintained.

What is to be done in disastrous situations?

विज्ञान बलमास्थाय जीवितव्यं तथागते ।
सर्वं साध्वर्थमेवेदमस्वाध्वर्थं न किं च न ॥

Rajadharma Parva is the eighty sixth Upa parva included in the twelfth Maha parva, named as Shanthi parva. Vaishampayana continued narration to Janamejaya in reply to his queries as follows.

How many days were spent in anarchy and who was really ruling then?

On the seventeenth day afternoon, when Duryodhana had hid under the water in Sarovara, there was anarchy in Hastinavati. Balarama was ruling on the next day.

Yudhishtira ordered Bhima to capture Ashvathama. Then, Arjuna used Brahmastra against him for making him surrender, when Ashvathama engaged in massacre violence, lighting fire to the Pandavas’ army camps at night.  Yudhishtira had done what Krishna desired after the war. Krishna tried to avoid the situation of anarchy.

After the war, when and how did Yudhishtira enter the Palace?

After the war, on the nineteenth day, Yudhishtira was feeling uneasy to enter Hastinavati and Palace. Then Vyasa, Krishna, Devasthana Rishi, Narada and many Vedic people had requested Yudhishtira to enter Hastinavati and the Palace.

Vyasa had appreciated Bheeshma and told to Yudhishtira, as and when needed, he could be consulted and should be visited to enquire his comforts. Then, a special cart with sixteen bullocks was made ready there. Bhima took the reins. Arjuna held the white umbrella. Nakula and Sahadeva had acted as body guards. Yuyutsu ascended his horse and followed as back side security. Vedic people started reciting the Swastimantras and walked in front row.

The procession entered the Hastinavati front gate and then marched to the Palace. Krishna and Satyaki followed in a chariot from the back. Dritarashtra with Gandhari had been leading in the front sat inside the palanquin, escorted by servants. The ladies team also followed in many palanquins with many kings and soldiers following them. They were very happy. The citizens were happy to see and receive them. The Palace people also welcomed them.

The Palace was decorated to please Krishna and Yudhishtira. In the front, Dritarashtra with Gandhari were leading but Sanjaya was the charioteer carrying the royal materials belonging to Dritarashtra. 

Who was Charvaka? How did Krishna describe him?

Charvaka was a demon king and a friend of Duryodhana. Charvaka had conducted penance for many years and got boons to shine in this world with powers. He had not been killed in the war.

To please his friend Duryodhana, Charvaka had disguised as a Brahmin and appeared on the way to the Palace of Hastinavati. He started to condone Yudhishtira in a loud voice. He boasted that he was a representative of Vedic scholars. Yudhishtira became momentarily sad but immediately Krishna had recognized him.

Griha Parva is the eighty fifth Upa parva included in the eleventh Maha parva named as Stri parva. Vaishampayana continued narration to Janamejaya in reply to his queries as follows.

Why did Yudhishtira repent on the banks of River Bhagirathi?

Yudhishtira had repented and fallen unconscious on the banks of River Bhagirathi since he had thought he was resp[onsible for the bloodshed in the war. Karna was his elder brother but he was killed. Shalya was his uncle, but along with many friends and relatives, had been killed in the war.

Yudhishtira would become the emperor but many people lost their lives during the war. After sprinkling water, he recovered. Bhima and Arjuna had escorted him to uplift and sit on the ground. He was telling war was bad and he desired to go for penance, and that he would go to the forests again.  

Who was Devasthana Muni and how did he pacify Yudhishtira?

Devasthana Muni was a silent Rishi. He was not talking when Duryodhana was ruling since he had no freedom of speech then. He disliked Duryodhana. He pacified Yudhishtira, by starting his speech. He loudly praised Yudhishtira.

How did Devasthana Muni explain about wealth and Yajna to Yudhishtira?

Devasthana Muni explained to Yudhishtira about wealth and Yajna. When the king engages in peaceful administration, his sorrows would vanish. War and defense were unavoidable for the protection of the wealth of the kingdom, he consoled him.

What was told by Narada Muni about Karna’s failures?

Jalapradanika Parva is the eighty fourth Upa parva included in the eleventh Maha parva named as Stri parva. Vaishampayana continued narration to Janamejaya in reply to his queries as follows.

What was the main difference between Shraddha and Jalapradanika Parvas?

The contents of Shraddha parva dealt with the dead bodies in the funerals using fire by only the male livings people of the kings and soldiers of the war. The contents of Jalapradanika parva described the offering of water oblations in honor of the dead, on the banks of river Ganga using the holy water, by all the livings people of the kings and soldiers of the war.

The fire flames usually show, burning upward, symbolizing the soul entering in to the heaven. The water oblations usually show, pouring downward, symbolizing the physical remains entering in to the permanent earth. Then, the heart and body get purified gradually. 

On the side of the Kauravas army, who was alive and authorized to perform the water offering rituals after the war? 

Yuyutsu was the youngest of the Kauravas alive after the Mahabharata war on the side of Kauravas and he was authorized for the water offering rituals. He was very sympathetic. He had protested Dushasana in the court, while the dice game was played between Duryodhana and Yudhistira. He supported righteousness, frequently referring the phrase ॥ यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः ॥.

Before the commencement of the war, an option to accept the sides was provided by Yudhishtira, and Yuyutsu had entered the side of the Pandavas army. Please refer Bhishma Patana parva of this website.

It was Yuyutsu who initially named Yudhishtira as Dharmaraja. Yuyutsu had later ruled in Indraprastha, and helped Yudhishitra with his Ashwamedha yaga also.

Who was the mother of Yuyutsu? What happened to the land he ruled later?

The maid servant of Gandhari, named as Sugadha, was the mother of Yuyutsu. Dritarashtra was his father. He had ruled Indraprastha and got natural death. He had lived for one hundred and twenty years of age and after his death, the land he ruled was amalgamated with the land of king Parikshit of Hastinavati.

What was done on the banks of river Ganga?

Shraddha Parva is the eighty third Upa parva included in the eleventh Maha parva, named as Stri parva. Vaishampayana continued narration to Janamejaya in reply to his queries as follows.

Who was the priest for Pandavas for conducting the Shraddha rituals?

Dhaumya Rishi was the authorized priest of Yudhishtira and the Pandavas. Kripa was to safeguard the throne inside the Hastinavathi Palace. Yuyutsu was the surviving son of Dritarashtra and all other Kaurava sons had died after the war.

Dhaumya was to crown Yudhishtira with Draupadi to the throne in the Hastinavathi Palace. Vrishaketu was the surviving son of Karna, and being a minor child, he could not participate in the war, and all Upapandavas had also died after the war. Hence Yudhishtira had arranged, with the help of Kripa, the last rituals on behalf of all dead Kauravas’ soldiers by the hands of Vrishaketu.

Drona was the cousin brother of Kripa and as per advice of Bhishma as well as the request of Kripa, Yuyutsu had done the last rituals of Drona also. He was a student of Drona and Kripa but then unmarried. All ladies of Hastinavati obeyed the instructions of Dhaumya.

What is the main content of the Shraddha parva?

Stri Parva is the eighty-second Upa Parva included in the eleventh Maha Parva, known as the Stri Parva. Vaishampayana continued his narration to Janamejaya in response to his questions as follows.

What did the ladies and Dhritarashtra do when Sanjaya announced the end of the war?

The palace ladies, led by Gandhari, and Dhritarashtra with his son Yuyutsu, set out to visit the battlefield, where the corpses had been mutilated by birds and animals and lay scattered across the Kurukshetra war ground. It was the morning of the nineteenth day. Relatives and inheritors of the fallen soldiers searched the battlefield for their loved ones, moving from place to place. By Yudhishthira’s order, the tents and camps were cleared, and people began to return to their permanent residences with their families.

The Pandava brothers, along with Krishna, heard of Dhritarashtra’s arrival with Gandhari and Kunti at Kurukshetra. Krishna greeted Dhritarashtra, Gandhari, and Kunti on the way and saluted them, speaking in soft tones. Yudhishthira also welcomed them respectfully. Gandhari had tied a cloth over her eyes, but she could see the tips of Yudhishthira’s toes, which suddenly turned black.

Krishna, wise and perceptive, understood the feelings of both Dhritarashtra and Gandhari. Yudhishthira instructed his brothers to speak only kind words with the palace people and the ladies. Since Kunti was present, Yudhishthira also saluted her with his brothers. Krishna then greeted Gandhari with consoling, gentle words.

Where was Draupadi then?

Vishoka Parva is the eighty first Upa parva in the eleventh Maha parva named as Stri parva. Vaishampayana continued narration to Janamejaya in reply to his queries as follows.

Who told Gandhari about the fall of Duryodhana?

Yudhishtira requested Krishna to meet Gandhari and inform her about the fall of Duryodhana. Krishna was an expert in speaking, hence he went to the Palace in his chariot and informed Gandhari and Dritarashtra about the fall of Duryodhana.

Krishna praised both Gandhari and Dritarashtra for some time on the night of the eighteenth night. When they heard the fall of Duryodhana, they started weeping. Krishna consoled them.

Since Duryodhana had announced it as a happy end for him, Krishna told Gandhari about the same and told her he was shining as the emperor till his last moment. 

What did Krishna tell to Kripa? 

Then, all the palace ladies started crying. Krishna later informed Kripa that the Pandavas would be coming to the Palace with their wives on the next day morning. It would be the nineteenth day morning.

Kripa had arranged to receive them all on the next day morning. Then, the war had ended so they tried to sleep peacefully.

What did Sanjaya do?

Ashwathama Parva is the eightieth upa parva included in the tenth maha parva, named Sauptika Parva. This is also called Ashwathama Nirgamaṇa Parva, since he departed after the advice of Krishna, and Ashwathama was given into the custody of Vyasa, whom he followed to learn moral ethics. Vaishampayana continued the narration to Janamejaya in reply to his queries as follows.

Why had the Pandava brothers not returned to their camp on the seventeenth and eighteenth evenings?

On the seventeenth evening, instead of going back to their own army camps, the Pandava brothers went to an undisclosed hiding place as per the instructions of Krishna. By that evening, Karna had fallen, while Kripa was still alive since he was near the throne. Karna had already died following his own vows and the yoga of his lifetime. All the Kaurava brothers died except Yuyutsu and Duryodhana. The father of Yuyutsu was Dhritarashtra and his mother was Sughada, the maid-servant of Gandhari.

On the first day morning of the war, Yuyutsu had already joined the Pandavas’ side, leaving the Kauravas’ side. Since the entire Kurukshetra area was filled with blood-stained, wounded soldiers, holy people like Durvasa Rishi could not find a peaceful place to sit for their evening prayer. Some soldiers were given meat and pork to eat every day. It was noteworthy that the pigsty of livestock kept in underground cages was empty but without bloodstains. Bhima ordered hunted meats, with instructions to trace the missing Duryodhana. The butchery was done in the army kitchens only, and the wastage was neatly processed. Hence, near the Oghavati River, one pigsty was selected by Krishna for hiding and night resting for the Pandavas.

Aishika Parva is the seventy-ninth upa parva included in the tenth maha parva, named Sauptika Parva. Vaishampayana continued the narration to Janamejaya in reply to his queries as follows.

What were the main contents of Aishika Parva?

The main contents of this Aishika Parva were three itemized subjects. First was to receive back the Aishika, a powerful weapon similar to the Brahmastra, including a Brahma Shira Mani, from Ashwathama. Second was to remove the curse on Ashwathama at the request of Uttara Kumari, wife of Abhimanyu. Third was to nominate a suitable person for the throne of Hastinavati palace as a later ruler after Yudhishthira. The inheritor to the throne was Prince Parikshit, the grandson of Arjuna, nominated by Yudhishthira.

One weapon, called Aishikastra, was gifted to Ashwathama by Krishna at Dwaraka, but it was given to him due to the hard efforts of his father Drona. It was very noble and powerful, but he used it for unlawful violence, such as killing Dhrishtadyumna, Shikhandi, and sleeping soldiers with a sword while they were resting at night in the camps. These actions were not suitable for a good person. Hence Krishna attempted to deprive Ashwathama of this weapon. The Brahma Shira Mani was also a divine, greatly prestigious item with him. Later, it was taken back from him and handed over to Yudhishthira at the desire of Draupadi.

Sanjaya was imprisoned as a war prisoner, but by luck he was set free. How?

अहमेकोऽवशिष्टस्तु तस्मान्सैन्यान्महीपते ।
मुक्तः कथंचिद्धर्मात्मन् वृष्णेः कृतवर्मणः ॥

Sanjaya was describing to Dhritarashtra the incidents of the seventeenth night. He was the only person alive after Kritavarma visited the war camp of the Pandavas. One charioteer of Dhrishtadyumna escaped just as Ashwathama was reaching there, and he ran to report to Yudhishthira, riding on his horse. Kritavarma freed Sanjaya, and he fled immediately to the Kaurava side camp to save his body and life. In the early morning, Sanjaya assessed the situation, but Bhima was then calling Duryodhana for the final mace fight near Dwaipayana Sarovara.

Why had Yudhishthira repented?